Category Archives: GIS
Electricity can be generated by Solar Photo Voltaic Module
Solar Photo Voltaic Modules are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into electricity. The Solar Photo Voltaic Module effect refers to photons of light knocking electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity. The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photo-diode in which current through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of photo-diode.Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaic was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines. Average solar irradiance, watts per square meter. Note that this is for a horizontal surface, whereas solar panels are normally mounted at an angle and receive more energy per unit area. The small black dots show the area of solar panels needed to generate all of the world’s energy using 8% efficient photovoltaic.Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power plant the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays. Although the selling price of modules is still too high to compete with grid… Continue reading
Digital Elevation Model Facts
Digital elevation models (DEMs) are three-dimensional maps of an areaâs topographical features or surface terrain. They differ from other types of digital terrain models (DTMs) in that they offer continuous elevation data of the various locations included in a mapped area. Thus, terrain maps like contour line maps or topographical maps might be referred to as DTMs but not DEMs. Techniques for creating digital terrain models include remote sensing techniques like satellite and plane imaging, as well as the more traditional method of direct land surveying. DEMs today are used in geographic information systems (GIS) and in consumer and industrial electronic devices and products, like GPS maps and digital location based services offered by cellphone providers. Specific MethodsThe most powerful technique for creating digital elevation models is called the interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique. This is where orbiting satellites take radar images over the course of two passes over the terrain that is being mapped. This is sufficient to produce a DEM map of ten kilometers per side and with a resolution of 10-meters. Another common, if not as powerful method, is called digital image correlation, whereby two optical images taken by a plane or earth observation satellite are combined. The two pictures, taken from different angles, produce a more complete data set for each portion of the terrain being mapped. The first set of usable elevation data for a large portion of the earthâs continental surface was procured by the earth observation satellite SPOT 1 in 1986 using this method. The traditional method of direct land survey is not as common when it comes to digital elevation models as the two discussed above. However, land survey is still used for mapping mountainous regions, which are not as accurately mapped using remote sensing methods. Some of the specific fields… Continue reading
Advances in Maintenance For Yokohama Fenders
Pneumatic fenders are essential for preventing damage between ships, or between ships and wharves. Yokohama has been a leader in the field for so long that the term “Yokohama Fender” has become synonymous with pneumatic fenders in general. The company currently dominates the field with a full 80% of all the pneumatic fenders being manufactured today. Though pneumatic fenders are sturdy and adaptable to many situations and circumstances, they are not indestructible and do require periodic maintenance. In the past, this typically involved lifting them completely out of the water for inspection and a check of their inflation pressure. Obviously, this cuts into the efficiency of an entire wharf or dock operation when pneumatic fenders are taken out of commission completely for maintenance. Yokohama recently announced a system that can monitor air pressure by remote sensing (a system adapted from their Air Watch setup for automotive tires). Dubbed the Fender Watch system, it entails a sensor on a metal fitting, set inside a Yokohama fender. Via a wireless signal, the sensor sends inflation data to the handheld terminals of maintenance personnel. With this system, maintenance can get accurate readings on the fender’s inflation at distances up to 30 meters. This remote pressure sensing can also help monitor and regulate the distance between two vessels during ship-to-ship transfers of crude oil or liquefied petroleum gas. Since pneumatic fenders are typically used in batteries of four or more, Yokohama’s Fender Watch system can take readings from up to four fenders simultaneously. The sensors are also equipped to send alarm signals should the inflation pressure move significantly above or below the desired settings set by the users. More information on Yokohama Fenders may be found at http://www.anchormarinehouston.com , the exclusive US dealer for Yokohama fenders and parts.
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China’s plan emerging to interrupt Tsangpo’s motion
The Brahmaputra is the fourth biggest river in the world in terms of annual discharge rate of about 19,830 cubic meter per second as its mouth and its catchments area is about   5, 80,000 sq.km located in the eastern Himalayan ranges and its neighbors that has occupied the area belonging to the four countries in percentage i.e. Tibetan Plateau of China (50.52%), India (33.62%), Bhutan (7.76%) and Bangladesh (8.10%). High order drainages of about 52 numbers of tributaries feed the Brahmaputra in the downstream side making it constant viable water resources in the region. Of these, the major 19 tributaries lie in the north bank while 12 others significant tributaries are in the south bank of the mighty river. In general, all total 15 numbers of principal tributaries lies in the Indian Territory. It may be worth mentioned that the Dihang (Siang), i.e. Tsangpo in the upper reaches and Subansiri contributes 37.40% and 10.66% surface run off to the Brahmaputra respectively. Moreover, the other two important tributories like Dibang (sikang) and Lohit contibutes around 7.65% and 9.50% surface runoff to the mighty river. Other tributaries such as Manas contributes water annually 6.75% (38,000 million cubic meters), Sonkosh contributes 3.18% (18,000 million cubic meters) and Burhidihing 2.65% (15,000 million cubic meters) annually to the Brahmaputra basin. Moreover, other important rivers are like Kopili, Jiabharali, Dudhnoi, Krishnai, Pagladia, Beki etc. The Northeast had a wonderful landscape with the broad Brahmaputra valley of Assam sandwiched by the Eastern Himalayas and Arakan Yuma ranges of hills. The Brahmaputra valley is the biggest in the region which has played an important role for the growth of the States and the regionâs economy. Mostly, Tsangpo contribution is very significant as concern to the recycling of water potentiality of Brahmaputra basin and its biodiversity apart from… Continue reading
Global Pacemakers Market Forecast To Reach $6.1 billion In 2015
Pacemakers Pipeline, Technology and Market Forecasts to 2015 The industry analysis specialists, have published their latest research, “Pacemakers Pipeline Technology and Market Forecasts to 2015” that is an essential source of information and analysis on the global pacemakers market. The report identifies the key trends shaping and driving the dynamism in the global pacemakers market. The report also provides insights in to the prevalent competitive landscape and the emerging players expected to bring significant shift in the market positioning of the existing market leaders. Most importantly, the report provides valuable insight on the pipeline products within the global pacemakers sector. ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Pacemakers-Pipeline-Technology-and-Market-Forecasts-to-2015.html ) Global Pacemakers Market Forecast To Reach $6.1 billion In 2015 It estimates that the global market for pacemakers was valued at $4.2 billion in 2008. The market is expected to reach $6.1 billion in 2015 with an annual growth rate of 5.4%. Increasing incidences of cardiovascular diseases owing to lifestyle changes and rising elderly population will drive the market. Increasing Incidences of Cardiovascular Diseases Along With the Rising Elderly Population Driving Growth in the Pacemakers Market High incidence of cardiovascular diseases is the major driver for pacemakers market. The high prevalence rates of disorders like bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome (SSS), Atrioventricular blocks (AV Block), sudden cardiac attack and atrial fibrillation will boost the growth of the pacemakers market. Each year 600,000 patients seek treatment for bradycardia alone. Bradycardia is mainly caused by SSS and AV block. In the US, three out of 10,000 people are affected by SSS. The prevalence of first degree AV block is 1.13 cases per 1000 patients. Also the incidence of SSS and AV block increases with advancing age, with 5% of men over 65 in the US being affected by AV block. Sudden cardiac death accounts for 300,000 deaths in the… Continue reading
Purchase Nintendo Wii
The Wii controller is a wireless remote control that senses movements in three dimensions.Best Wii Tools Click here That remote sensing technology allows you to eschew the conventional buttons and joysticks that have been the standard for video games for decades. Instead, of pushing buttons or moving a stick, you move your arms; gesturing, swinging, poking, and sometimes flailing your way through the game! If you want to experience this amazing new game platform for yourself it can be difficult to know exactly what to purchase in order to have everything you need to enjoy the Wii experience. That is why the Nintendo Wii bundle is such an enticing option. Purchased by itself, the Wii comes with a remote control – officially called a Wiimote – and a Nunchuk controller; an analog joystick that attaches to the Wiimote using a long cable. The Nunchuk also has the internal accelerometer that the Wiimote possesses, so it too is capable of motion sensing as well. The Nunchuk is to be used in conjunction with the Wiimote and it serves to enhance the game play experience. Further, the Wii includes all the power cords, audio-video cords, and the sensor bar and stands that you need to get started. Most important, the Wii includes Wii Sports, a game that lets you test your skills on the golf course, baseball diamond, bowling alley, boxing ring, and tennis court; it is the perfect platform to demonstrate the things the Wii can do. However, for those who want to see all the Wii is capable of doing, then you need more than the basic offerings, and a Nintendo Wii Bundle can deliver precisely that. Backup Wii Games Step by Step Guide Click here A Nintendo Wii Bundle is a package deal that is available at various… Continue reading
Wetland Ecosystem Conservation: A Review
1. Introduction A system is a group of parts that interact through one or more processes (Odum 1983). The term ecosystem was introduced and defined by Tansley (1935), who as “a fundamental organizational unit of the natural world that includes both organisms and their spatial environment.” Ecosystems have since been defined in various ways, and at different spatial and temporal scales (Golley 1993; O’Neill et al. 1986; Evans 1956). Some ecologists define ecosystems on the basis of biotic organisms, populations, or communities. For example, Hutchinson (1978) considered the ecosystem to be the environmental context in which population or community dynamics occur. Others define ecosystems in terms of their abiotic characteristics and processes (Rowe and Barnes 1994). For example, Lindeman (1942) defined ecosystems as “…the system composed of physical, chemical, and biological processes active within a space/time unit.” Regardless of whether the emphasis is on biotic components or abiotic characteristics and processes of ecosystems, both remain integral to the concept of ecosystem. Rowe (1961) emphasized this when he defined ecosystems as “…a three dimensional segment of the earth where life forms and the environment interact.” Wetland ecosystems have been defined in a variety of ways by researchers, resource managers, and regulatory authorities, depending on their specific needs and objectives (Mitsch and Gosselink 1993). In the applied world of regulation, planning, and management, wetlands are usually defined in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics such as hydrologic regime, soil type, and plant species composition. For example, in classifying wetlands for mapping, inventory, and other purposes, Cowardin et al. (1979) defined wetlands as “…lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water…” that are characterized by the presence of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils… Continue reading
Gis Services In India – Technologies
India has a good institutional infrastructure for geographic data collection. There are a number of organizations that gather information on every possible socially and scientifically relevant subject. The Survey of India and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites are the most important generators of this data.India is blessed with a commendable IT infrastructure equipped with latest high-end machines which support most of the hardware and software, server, router, innovative software that is updated from time to time, expert professionals with apt training, dynamic manpower, efficient network and security policies.Now we have leading-edge technologies that aid GIS to generate maps and reports through web access that can be tailored to meet the explicit needs of our daily life, thus geospatially enabling each system.The highly developed analysis and reporting functions of GIS systems facilitate researchers, epidemiologists and emergency response specialists to analyze, report and make solutions for perfect and efficient management of emergency response situation and food quality issues.GIS inputs can be used to scrutinize deployment, ground surveillance activities, analysis and reporting of information related to the National Surveillance and Security Operations.Geospatial services are used in marine response like scheduling river and port patrols and modeling scenarios to assess the impending spread of various pests under various annihilation and control options.What is the relevance of GIS in the Indian contextGIS helps to visualize queries about database and statistical analysis. A geographical analysis with regard to GIS assists us in explaining events, foreseeing outcomes and planning strategies. India has an exploding population with inadequate resources. So successful planning of resource management and monitoring its deployment is absolutely necessary so that GIS can play a crucial role in government and private sectors.Our government is the biggest initiator and consumer of GIS data and its applications. The areas where GIS information is utilized by the… Continue reading
Satellite Images and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Help Monitor Global Warming and Climate Change
Since 1990’s a new generation of satellite sensors with powerful capabilities have been launched to collect massive amounts of data about our planet and the many changes it has experienced.There are dozens of remote sensing satellites orbiting the Earth collecting invaluable information about the Earth’s surface, oceans and the atmosphere and how they interact. Satellite images have been collected for scientific and technical purposes as well as just appreciating its simple beauty. These satellites collect information that our eyes cannot, collections from 30M to 0.5M resolution is now available. To view original story with images go here http://news.satimagingcorp.com/2009/10/satellite_image_technology_monitoring_global_warming_and_climate_change_.html Satellite images provide important land coverage information for mapping and classification of land cover features, such as vegetation, soil, water and forests for monitoring and managing Earth’s vital natural resources and the current global climate changes. The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. From glacial periods (or “ice ages”) where ice covered significant portions of the Earth to interglacial periods where ice retreated to the poles or melted entirely – the climate and the Earth has continuously changed. The shallow end of the Glaciers are melting swiftly. Glaciologists have determined that areas of the glacial lobe were 98 feet lower in 2004 than they were in 2000. That’s double the rate of pre-1999 thinning. The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 years. Scientists have been able to piece together a picture of the Earth’s climate dating back decades to millions of years ago by analyzing a number of surrogate, or “proxy,” measures of climate such as ice cores, boreholes, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Earth-orbiting… Continue reading
Satellite Images and GIS Aid in Disease Mapping and Surveillance
Also known as Landscape Epidemiology, which involves the identification of geographical areas where disease is transmitted. By knowing the vegetation and geologic conditions necessary for the maintenance of specific pathogens in nature, one can use the landscape to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of disease risk. Key environmental elements, including elevation, temperature, rainfall, and humidity, influence the presence, development, activity, and longevity of pathogens, vectors, zoonotic reservoirs of infection, and their interactions with humans. To view original story go here http://news.satimagingcorp.com/2009/10/satellite_images_and_gis_aid_in_disease_mapping_and_surveillance.html Vegetation type and distribution are also influenced by the environmental variables mentioned above, and can be expressed as landscape elements that can be sensed remotely and whose relationships can be modeled spatially. For the past 29 years, satellite sensors have proved to be valuable tools for describing the earth’s landscape. Since the launch of Landsat 7 and ASTER, NASA has initiated programs to integrate these technologies into the areas of forestry, agriculture, geology, and public health.Satellite images can greatly enhance a GIS mapping project. Imagery is a powerful visual aid and serves as a source of derivative information such as planimetrics and classification schemes to derive such information as land cover and change detection or vegetation classification.The use of GIS has many implications for landscape epidemiology because it provides users the ability to store, integrate, query, display, and analyze data from the molecular level to that of satellite resolution through their shared spatial components. Field observations and vector data retrieved on environmental conditions, including vegetation, water (hydrology), and topography, can be combined in a GIS mapping environment to direct interpretation of remote sensed data and facilitate characterization of the landscape in terms of vector and pathogen prevalence.The associations between disease risk variables (e.g., vector, pathogen, and reservoir host abundance and distribution) and environmental variables can be quantified… Continue reading